Mitteilung

ESO-Teleskope beobachten den 1000. Gammastrahlen-Ausbruch des Swift Satelliten

6. November 2015

Am 27. Oktober 2015 hat der Swift-Satellit der NASA/ASI/UKSA um 22:40 Weltzeit seinen 1000. Gammastrahlen-Ausbruch (GRB für engl. gamma-ray burst) beobachtet. Anschließend haben die ESO-Teleskope des La Silla-Paranal-Observatoriums im Norden Chiles ebenfalls diesen besonderen Ausbruch beobachtet. Dabei entpuppte sich der GRB als besonders interessantes Objekt.

Gammastrahlen-Ausbrüche sind intensive Gammastrahlenblitze, die zufällig verteilt im fernen Universum auftreten. Vermutlich werden sie durch extrem energetische Sternexplosionen hervorgerufen und stellen gleichzeitig die Geburt eines neuen schwarzen Lochs dar.

Swift durchsucht den Himmel nach diesen mysteriösen und gleichzeitig faszinierenden Ereignissen und hat nach mehr als zehn wachsamen Jahren jetzt den 1000. GRB entdeckt. GRB 151027B wurde am 27. Oktober 2015, in Richtung des Sternbilds Eridanus (der Fluss Eridanus) beobachtet [1].

Die Teleskope der ESO haben eine lange und erfolgreiche Tradition dabei, anschließende Beobachtungen von GRBs durchzuführen (eso0318 und eso0533), und auch bei diesem Meilenstein haben sie ihre Arbeit zuverlässig erledigt. Der Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (GROND), der am MPG/ESO 2,2-Meter-Teleskop am La Silla-Observatorium montiert ist, und der X-shooter Spektrograf am Very Large Telescope (VLT) am Paranal-Observatorium der ESO haben ihre Beobachtungen beognnen, sobald der GRB von Chile aus sichtbar war — etwa fünf Stunden nach seiner Entdeckung [2].

Der X-shooter-Spektrograf spaltet das schwache und schnell verblassende Licht von GRBs in seine Farbkomponenten auf und ist dadurch eines der derzeit leistungsstärksten Instrumente für die Untersuchung solcher Ausbrüche. Mehr als die Hälfte aller Entfernungsmessungen von GRBs sind seit der Inbetriebnahme X-shooters mit diesem Instrument gemacht worden.

Die Beobachtungen der ESO haben aufgedeckt, dass die Explosion GRB 151027B stattfand, als das Universum gerade 1,5 Milliarden Jahre alt war (10% des jetzigen Alters). Das Licht hat 12,3 Milliarden Jahre benötigt, bis es die Erde erreicht hat. Dieses Ergebnis wurde nur drei Stunden nach der Datenaufnahme und acht Stunden nach der Entdeckung durch Swift bekanntgegeben. Weitere Analysen haben es den Astronomen ermöglicht herauszufinden, dass die Galaxie, in der GRB 151027B stattfand, einen ungewöhnlich hohen Anteil schwerer chemischer Elemente aufweist.

Diese verblüffenden Ergebnisse für GRB 151027B demonstrieren den Erfolg der Zusammenarbeit der Swift-Mission und den Teleskopen der ESO, die wichtig für hunderte anschließende Beobachtungen von Gammastrahlen-Ausbrüchen waren. X-shooter und GROND haben solche schwer zu erfassenden Ereignisse von der Atacamawüste aus seit 2009 beziehungsweise 2007 systematisch untersucht. Auf diese Weise haben sie uns wertvolle Einblicke in die gewaltigsten Explosionen im Universum gewährt.

Endnoten

[1] Die Zahl enthält das Datum, während das "B" anzeigt, dass es sich um den zweiten GBR handelt, der an diesem Tag detektiert wurde.

[2] Die X-shooter/GRB Kollaboration besteht aus: L.A. Antonelli (INAF/OA Rom), M. Arabsalmani (ESO), Z. Cano (Univ. Iceland), L. Christensen (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), S. Covino (INAF/OA Brera), A. De Cia (ESO), P. D'Avanzo (INAF/OA Brera), V. D'Elia (INAF/OA Roma and ASI/ASDC), F. Fiore (INAF/OA Rom), H. Flores (Paris Obs./GEPI), M. Friis (Univ. Island), J. P. U. Fynbo (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), P. Goldoni (APC/Irfu - CEA), A. Gomboc (Univ. Nova Gorica), P. Groot (Nijmegen), O. E. Hartoog (Amsterdam), F. Hammer (Paris Obs./GEPI), J. Hjorth (DARK/NBI Copenhagen), P. Jakobsson (Univ. Island), J. Japelj (INAF/OA Trieste), L. Kaper (API/Amsterdam), T. Krühler (MPE, Munich), C. Ledoux (ESO, Santiago), A. J. Levan (Univ. Warwick), G. Leloudas (Weizmann und DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), E. Maiorano (INAF/IASF Bologna), D. Malesani (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), A. Melandri (INAF/OA Brera), B. Milvang-Jensen (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), P. Møller (ESO), E. Palazzi (INAF/IASF Bologna), D. A. Perley (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), E. Pian (SNS Pisa), S. Piranomonte (INAF/OA Rom), G. Pugliese (API/Amsterdam), R. Sánchez-Ramírez (IAA-CSIC, Granada), S. Savaglio (Universität von Kalabrien), P. Schady (MPE), J. Schaye (Leiden), S. Schulze (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile und MAS), J. Selsing (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), J. Sollerman (OKC Stockholm), M. Sparre (HITS, Heidelberg), G. Tagliaferri (INAF/OA Brera), N. R. Tanvir (Univ. Leicester), C. C. Thöne (IAA-CSIC, Granada), A. de Ugarte Postigo (IAA-CSIC Granada), S. D. Vergani (CNRS, Paris Obs./GEPI), P. M. Vreeswijk (WIS), D. J. Watson (DARK/NBI Kopenhagen), K. Wiersema (Univ. Leicester), R. A. M. J. Wijers (API/Amsterdam) und D. Xu (NAOC, Beijing).

Die GROND-Kollaboration besteht aus: P. Afonso (American River College), J. Bolmer (MPE), C. Delvaux (MPE), J. Elliott (CfA), R. Filgas (Techn. Univ. Prague), J. Graham (MPE), J. Greiner (MPE), D.A. Kann (TLS Tautenburg), S. Klose (TLS Tautenburg), F. Knust (MPE), T. Krühler (MPE), A. Nicuesa Guelbenzu (TLS Tautenburg), P. Schady (MPE), S. Schmidl (TLS Tautenburg), T. Schweyer (MPE), M. Tanga (MPE), K. Varela (MPE) und P. Wiseman (MPE).

Links

Kontaktinformationen

Johan Fynbo
Dark Cosmology Centre
Niels Bohr Institute
Kopenhagen, Dänemark
Tel: +45 3532 5983
E-Mail: jfynbo@dark-cosmology.dk

Jochen Greiner
Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
Garching
Tel: +49 89 30000 3847
E-Mail: jcg@mpe.mpg.de

Richard Hook
ESO Public Information Officer
Garching bei München
Tel: +49 89 3200 6655
Mobil: +49 151 1537 3591
E-Mail: rhook@eso.org

Über die Mitteilung

ID:ann15085

Bilder

GROND-Bild des Gammastrahlen-Ausbruchs GRB 151027B
GROND-Bild des Gammastrahlen-Ausbruchs GRB 151027B

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